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Wiki_2-half-hitches-security_2.png




Ashley's Book of Knots lesson#1781 quotations on using 2 Half Hitches for safety.

"Two half hitches will never slip"—Admiral Luce.

"Two half hitches saved a Queen's Ship"—Anonymous.

"Three half hitches are more than a King's Yacht wants"—Admiral Smyth.
 
Wiki_timber-hitch-from-half-hitches.png


The Timber Hitches list almost immediately in ABoK "CHAPTER 21: HITCHES TO SPAR AND RAIL (RIGHT-ANGLE PULL)", only preceded there by 3 Half Hitch base forms. The context begins with typical Half Hitch#1662 as worst security/nip warnings warning with Skull/Crossbones, but a base structure to build on. Then shows the most security at top nip/opposing the linear load pull position as a safer Half Hitch form#1663 awarding Anchor icon if constant pull. Then introduces Timber Hitch #1665 concept from extension of worst nip Half Hitch tail#1662 . #1666 then shows Fig.8 concept as upgrade to Half Hitch#1662 and shows the nip position pushed to half way between normal and top nip Half Hitch. Also adds a geometric consideration of:"particularly if the encompassed object is small." of even higher nip. #1668 then shows the Fig.8 Timber Hitch with nip more to side and not bottom as improvement.

Next trick is in #1669 Fig.8 Hitch with Round Turn. Where the Round Turn is around the Standing Part and Fig.8 portion actually pictured as fig.8 Timber Hitch and so adds that the "Round Tum on the Standing Part adds materially to the strength of the knot.">>i try to use this principle in may things, knudeNoggin adds that if Have a Round Turn on host before Round Turn on Standing Part, you don't get the strength increase. i say that is because of drop in rope tension can't feed force to the Standing Part to produce the affect.

Next chapter is "CHAPTER 22: HITCHES TO MASTS, RIGGING, AND CABLE (LENGTHWISE PULL) To withstand a lengthwise pull without slipping is about the most that can be asked of a hitch. Great care must be exercised in tying the following series of knots, and the impossible must not be expected" that starts off with a Timber Hitch preceded by 'lengthwise' Half Hitch form to convert Timber from "RIGHT-ANGLE PULL" to "LENGTHWISE PULL" usage in the back to back chapters.
 
port-Inline-force-thru-solid-supports-only.png

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For screw links i prefer 7 screw threads, more than only 4 etc.
>>Smaller diameter stock than standard carabiner for same strength
Finger tight, might have to wrench loose.
>>sometimes finger tight -1/8 turn so can't jam impact to seat past finger tight(hopefully)for production use
exception would be remote or permanent use:seat strong.
>>can also add Locktite, but has grit and input more torque for same seating.
 
In the geometries of space taken or force invoked, it is about DISPLACEMENT.
To control, with force, takes displacing into that space, with enough force to match or beat the existing force
>>for positively commanding displacement to rule/Nip situation ('in the bud')
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The ruling rigidity is gained by matching linked target forces or being greater/not lesser.
>>The base/unloaded rigidity of the materials matters for this advantage
>>The amount of tension force
>>and how densely that force is packed into each part as yet another rigidity adjustment
Different force loads in diameters for the crossing over to be great enough to Nip the sandwiched ropePart
matching-or-denser-force-nipping-other-diameters-chart.png

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Sometimes see questioned if Square Knot should be still taught
>>i always think YES, for is a minimal structure study, with fewest parts
>>on edge of make or break(fail) and things that change that
(errant bend usage, unequal diameters, formations or disturbances that 'pull out of square' form etc.)
matching-or-denser-force-nipping-other-half-and-square-knots.png

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i first note many things in the minimalist study of Square family(Square/Thief/Granny/Grief)
>>and would usually forsake American upbringing and call as original name Reef in respects to how many knots born at sea
BUT, the name Square is so excellent to force chase, and constant reminder that all rope mechnix best if 'square' to purpose
>>the minimalist Square Knot, just more sensitive to that, as Thief/Granny/Grief fail by pulling out of square, as does tugging end.
The SheetBend invokes a locking hitch that can free stand off of host mount (unlike Square that is dependent on host to nip against)
>>so has another layer of simplest/base lessons, and how a more rigid locks on softer rigidity etc.
matching-or-denser-force-nipping-other-sheetbends.png

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Friction Hitches show the matching or greater principle too
>>advise a single leg of pull (A) can match rigidity to single line and control (Taut-Line, ProLaska/Blake's etc.)
But dividing load to 2 legs pull on host /receiver and are trying to grab greater rigidity with lesser(B) can fail
>>using a smaller cord to pack lesser divided force into a denser/more rigid container can resolve(C)
matching-or-denser-force-nipping-other-friction-hitches.png

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The smaller 'cord' can also be a more rigid /unyielding braid, too stiff to seat properly like this on own diameter
>>but flexible enough to seat well on larger diameter host
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i think the term (Friction) Hitch is accurate, as the function is to slide the hitch up/down to repeatedly grip
passive 'rail' whether rope or not , the rigidity examination tho is for rope on rope
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Friction hitch grabs on smooth pole can slip some as rope can't 'dent' impose into the host
 
Advanced Theories of Working 5x1 Piggyback Jig

As a tool, a common 3x or 5x pulley system is a set of 'rolling levers';
that trade distance for power to the same volume of force total - co$t of conversion(frictions).
Is like a truck transmission , from the same input source(motor) can either about crawl up a wall in granny gear or go fast w/less power.
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Pulley set is just the same, a transmission to convert power/distance(speed) to/from the same total volume of input
A simple jig doesn't have to be a fixed 'gear'. can use as a central pivot to move faster or more powerful than initially presents
>>usually run slack out at lower power/more speed, then 'switch gears' to tweak more power/slower 'purchase' (olds-cool for taking rope out of a system to lift and/or tighten)
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saveForces_6.png

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Note how track bodyWeight and effort as 2 different inputs, with different multiplier chains in more recursive setup
>>as hand holdS grab 2 places w/effort input as Equal & Opposite of each other
>>but bodyWeight only pulls on 1 hand input, as body mass itself is E&O of that pull !
recurse force is more of a closed system, more Conservation of Force here, less leak to ground of a more 'open'/less self contained system.
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Then, see how can replace arm effort as input with leg effort as input, to then run thru the 'rolling levers' set.
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Compounding/recursive 'nested' pulls, w/minimal amount of external/ground connections, yield most power.
Same amount of power output, using simpler non compounding, just increase sheaves/pulley turns at each end
>>generally get more force reducing frictions i think.
 
have heard not every one can see above picture>>but can't edit post to fix?
saveForces_6.png
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edit: seems can see embedded pictures in post 1,2 show after post locked (so have changed above pic to embedded)
>>but not pics that are linked as in post(s) 3:
scouts-square-knot-do-not-use-as-bend.png (now embedded)
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and post 4 as well:
port-Inline-force-thru-solid-supports-only.png (now embedded)
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and would have to redo post #5 because of this?
 
A fine point, just tossed out there a few times as woven thru the ABoK lessons, w/o much focus given:
from lesson#1669: "...a Round Turn on the Standing Part adds materially to the strength of the knot."
>>knudeNoggin experiments and states not if Round Turn(RT) pre-fixes on the host mount
>>i think RT on host takes enough tension out that RT on Standing Part(SPart) can't grab hard enough to give the effect
>>than a simpler Half Hitch(HH) that just shears across the SPart (as sole load support) most harshly
>>perhaps carrying some of the load force/unloading SPart some
(if enough tension left in that part of rope for RT to use to grip/only 1 pre-fixing Turn).
Fig8-rt-abok-1669-stronger.png

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Standard Half Hitch ((HH) shears across the Standing Part more, this does grip harder on the host than if the Round Turn (RT) is used .
Standing-part-structure-shear-across-vs-pull-along-part_1.png

>>this would pull open even more on load side of host , at the already worst Nip position of standard HH.
>>so for #1669, Ashley uses purposefully the fig8 rather than HH tuck style, and gives 2 tucks.
This makes stronger than previous Timber Hitch fig8, that he shows can take 2 instead of 1 tuck
>>as recommends 3 tucks for normal Timber Hitch
>>but that was in higher friction Hemp >> would go with 3+ tucks always and all ways
Would never just tightly pack the 3 tucks close to Standing Part, but rather spread out so last tuck is in highest Nip region logical
>>and preceding Nips are much less consequential helpers, more of spacers to the better Nip.
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Round Turn pulling along the sole load support of the SPart more properly, rather than shearing across SPart so harshly (in any mechanix, cutting across 90 degrees is very harsh)
See how these pull more along, inline the long axis of rope, like a splice does more properly.
rather than shearing across supporting column architecture at right angle like do with a wrench to break, not support something.
Standing-part-structure-shear-across-vs-pull-along-part_2.png

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In round slings modeling we commonly see these forms of this principle.
Sling-choker-bull-hitch-cats-paw.png

See Cat's Paw as Double Bearing on host, 2 support legs, each with loose splice hold
>>VERY strong compared to most any other knot
>>can have Girth version, but not self adjusting legs
>>logically can have Cow version, of 1 support leg
or reduce back to fig8.RT version maintaining same concept.
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The separate parts shown in original picture can be seen in and taken to other knots.
>>just as if rope was another material
>>just as if were working in wood, rock or metal etc. and take out one part and out in a 2 hole version to hold rather than 1
Rope is just another material, subject to same support rules as other materials
Save the exclusions of defining differences of the 'flexibles class'
>>don't have to heat, pound, chip, carve to re-form >> just unload
>>don't need connectors between parts and utility functions as is already built in!
But, can only be rigid when
A>loaded
B>along linear length
C>in tension direction(along linear length)
 
Tho very similar Bends of ropes together, Rigger's, Butterfly and Zeppelin have defining key differences, of knot lessons.
>>The Zeppelin even has a Faux/false version that fails to watch out for.
>>while the Rigger's sounds best for rigging, can jam.
(Alpine Butterfly Bend is just as Alpine Butterfly Eye, only eye now 2 pieces)
So we have a Goldilocks range of not enough, too much and just rites (Zeppelin, Butterfly) from changing 1 factor each time.
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The systems seem to have 2 usable slight failings to meter in some tolerance against over concentration of forces
>>note that each matching Standing Part (SPart) leads to a Primary Arc
>>SPart + Primary Arc together makes a hook of the most rigid, raw and compound forces of knot as most defining
(rest of ropeParts are softer parts that jsut keep this hook properly in place and final tailing ballast of Nip)
Hook-model-zeppelin-riggers-alpine-butterfly-applied.png

Working from benchmark of Rigger's that i find to be simply double dead locked (inline and cross axis)
>>dead on inline compression and from secured sides too>> especially expressed in hard loading to deadlock
BFly corrects benchmark Rigger's with simply tipping scale slightly by not guarding cross axis as well, leaving open side but has interlinked pure alignment anyway
Zeppelin serviceable after hard loading, uses opposite strategy than of some relief on inline axis only, guards hard both escapes on cross axis and good thing because not purely aligned/interlinked
>>dbl.fault in False Zeppelin slight fails on both inline and cross axis compounds to tip scale over>>fail
Rigger's overworks perhaps recursive flows of force to deadlock
>>Zepp and BFly allow some almost relief/tolerance but not destabilized , doing 1 thing so rite each(guard sides or pure alignment)
False Zepp has side by side offset not purely aligned like interlinked hooks, so has some side force, and then open side for force to tumble out carrying rope
 
Previous Hitches can form very strong if spaced away from host support, for softer geometry/less sharp deforming bend to the sole load support of the Standing Part.
>>Do not pull up to bottom/load side of host tightly unless forced to>> so truly right angle grab to host only or can slide along host
>>These have the minimal 3x 180 Arcs on Standing Part empowered to grip along Standing Part more properly like a splice
>>rather than no grip ability of a single 180 Arc, sliding to tight against host and shearing at right angle across support of Standing Part.
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The below knots are all very good, have 3x 180 Arcs on Standing Part
>>but are not continuous, uninterrupted force flow thru these Arcs, so does not give same grip utility
>>So, these are very secure, but less revealed strength efficiency do to the sharper deformity of the support of Standing Part being sheared across during drawing up to the tighter seating to host, but less likely to slide sideways on host if just a little side angle force input. (But meant s a right angle hitch, just more tolerant if not).
2-half-hitches-continuous-and-opposing-bunt-line-lobster-buoy.png

Another concept repeats in that the Cow like finishes of 2 Opposing Half Hitches and the Lobster Buoy do have the counter torque to them and are easier to untie. 'Outies' of 2 continuous or opposing Half Hitches may be spaced away from support, then tail double seized down against Standing Part, as to not shear across Standing Part but rather pull along, and perhaps give another leg of support(?).
Would be more like previous post hitches, not seating hard to host, nor shearing hard across Standing Part.
>>and perhaps strongest of the other Hitches of both posts by this 'small' (but 'permanent') change.
>>MANY Hitches were seized (especially double seized) in the old ships etc. days; especially permanent, remote, constant use, of changing pull directions(including low to anchor and high to masts)
 
Heinz Prohaska's 'Prohgrip' (names vary) showed in Nylon Highway (excellent lessons learned on the Nylon Highway)1990 and Jason Blake was showing arborists what he invented around 1995, but that is what made it more popular and to many, especially arborists is known as Blakes. Placing the tail/Bitter End to the best Nip position in any knot : opposite side of host than initial load pull is correct. Errantly , placing same on the initial load side pull where worst Nip always is , gives the very appropriately named SuiSlide!
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Prohaska-prohgrip-blakes-vs-suislide-friction-hitch-warning.png

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Arborist Jason Blake at the time popularized thru arbo's
There were several stories of him trying to like patent the knot!
i read a few stories on Intnl.Society of Arborist's ISA bbs(bulletin board svc.; early dial-up era name for forums) that closed about 1998 of trying to license usage! Or tell someone they could not use his knot.
>>not sure if true or not, but not single incidence report...
 
More rope mastery links:
Professional Association of Climbing Instructors Australia rope research docs
lessons learned on The Nylon Highway
Roo's Notable Knots AND comments
Ashley's Book of Knots the knot bible, online
ropelab.com.au/files/physics.pdf
The Mechanics of Friction in Rope Rescue (thee capstan math reference)
Get your read on!

edit:guess add my frictions spreadsheet for reference showing flat/linear mated materials frictions from engineering site
>>then radial conversion of same for ropes etc.
>>Linear compounds frictions by distance, radial compounds frictions by degrees
>>same breaking force by different size rope brakes>>just softer rope arcs and more heat dissipation on the larger device of probably more strength.
 
Older sketch on views of using a single pulley as pivot in 'flexible lever' systems.
>>with the the same 3 lever classes as rigid levers
>> that define by the same directions of motion input/output
>>with the same 3 positions of the static position pivot
>>2nd and 3rd class levers being to increase or decrease power as reciprocal to speed
>>and 1st class levers in each reverse of direction between input/output with central pivot between
Lever_classes_in_standard_rigid_levers%2C_as_applied_to_rope_%27rolling_levers%27.png

The rigid lever can resist on the cross axis, so length of lever from pivot matters
>>but w/o cross axis resistance, the flexible lever classes do not have length factor multiplier for leverage.
 
In examinations of knots as rope mechanix, generally in a fixed/static state;
but still rope mechanix.
We have dynamic /moving knots of Muenter, Prussic, Poldo, Fiction Hitches, Parbuckle etc.
>>whose forces can be used statically against loading, but usual highlights are the ropes in motion.
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Parbuckle.png

Especially Parbuckle, that may not even tie any single known complete knot
>>just use the rope in a certain geometry to extrude the desired effects
Parbuckle can give a 2x1 multiplier hanging or further multiplier of ramp
>>or back to 2x1 on flat ground
>>hanging is constant 2/1>>but flat surface can be just needed to get, then keep going, keep just enough light tension
>>as separate consideration
parbuckl.gif

As any contact to ramp or flat ground (not hanging) also shows this is not 2x1 x ramp advantage dragging
>>we are ROLLING a log etc., and coming up over the edge of a trailer, the spar texture can even be as a gear wheel!
>>system autonomously presses the log texture into this mating

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Parbuckling is a verb. They use it for lifting and delivering spars (and corpses) to water, also for rolling massive ships upright against ramp of sea bed (or make one from) when can w/o crushing pressures(need to cradle).
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i also found when using truck as the pulling force, rather have the bight on the input, not anchor as pivot
>>if have bight around anchor as typical shown and pull ends/tie to truck
>>they don't pull as clean and even, have to go around and under massive log to self adjust to pull and deliver even
>>else can get slanted to side and lose on ramps
>>bight thru tow hooks or even around ball hitch if must
>>is more immediately self adjusting
would pull across trailer 90 degrees with truck on far side from ramps
>>fill a layer, anchor down rope over logs on truck side
>>swap sides for ramps and truck and fill next layer from opposite direction
>>rinse and repeat
Sorry one of my 90's drawings drawings from my msPaint era
Parbuckle_loading.jpg

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But, unless was told specifically the unknotted line in pic was a knot
>>would assume is just a mechanical usage of rope, not a knot , especially static as usually implied.
This is how work gets done!
Red_Oak_121_0.jpg
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1943 Righting the USS Oklahoma from the depths after Pearl Harbor with parbuckling.
NASPH_%5E118506-_19_March_1943._USS_Oklahoma-_Salvage._Aerial_view_toward_shore_with_ship_in_90_degree_position._-_NARA_-_296975.jpg
 
Generally to advance a Friction Hitch we grab the host below the hitch and pull down and then also pull up on the hitch it self.
Simply adding a pulley, carabiner etc. to comb the knot 'up' can be a great help!
This can also be applied to an adjustable lanyard, where a D is the comb, usually on right D if right handed.
In climbing SRT, can have 8# gear bag etc. HANGING on bottom of line and no hands on rope and climb tree.
WARNING: If full force body weight below a Friction Hitch, rope shelf hitch sits on from slack area/swell can now get skinny as hitch unloads and less grip. If foot cam etc. below Prussik etc. is best if have 2 Prussiks , in 2is1, 1isNone redundant philosophy.
Friction-hitch-comb-knot-tender-1-way-and-frees-up-a-hand.png

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In Climbing DdRT , is easier to retrieve, gives 2/1 - friction self lift, but need pull from under hitch.
In training etc. this can go to trunk pulley redirect to SOFT hand pull, not to lift climber but LIGHTLY comb hitch up, w/o disturbing or off balancing climber etc.
Hitch-comb.jpg

(sorry 90's pic of DBY holding friction hitch comb! )
Should always see both yellow and blue colors on Bitter End of DBY, or need to inspect !
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VT_variations_for_self_tending-combing_friction_hitch.jpg
 
For the think tank:

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-JRB is a Treeman !
Strength/efficiency wise, i think the deformity given by carabiner pulls along more than shears across
most loaded point of initial deformity in Standing Part.
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Especially for climbing believe in closed (both legs pulled) or
terminated/stopped run(on Bitter End leg).
Even if w/quick slipknot mechanical stop.
 
i look at webbing as flat rope.


Most precise would take repetitive experiments.
>>But all the same would have lost bet on 1 twist as this stands.
But in real world, with more contacts to load, perhaps linear and not radial faces
>>think best overall bet would be no twist, and never a twist on a contact area if any.
Flat rope goes over bends will, as the deformed axis is the very minimalist flat one
>>round rope stands higher for more leverage against rope device
>>but in making a HH etc. can scrunch, deform across largest cross axis (to linear load down length of webbing)
.
This is most expressed in flat but wide webbing
>>much less so in 1" that is thicker than pure flat and offers less leveraged distance to deform across. 1" webbing safety testing
Much less i think in skinny dyneema slings therefore, and cross profile is even thicker as resistance to scrunching
>> so much so that 2 layers (dyneema folded) is about as thick as dyneema is across
>>so squarer to round to maintain more consistent strengths i think in 2 legs thru as Cow, even more so if both loaded/Girth, or with self balancing pulls /Round Sling, choker.
i see this squareness to profile when doubled also in 3/8" Tenex and paracord.
These devices seem to seek best of both worlds:
>> lay flat on a curve host were webbing is better
>> yet deform less with choke around 2 legs as are square as closest linear to round: where round is better!
Round is equilateral/ no leverage preference given/lost at any angle, square is closest non radial to that prescription i think
>>would not lower with webbing, only round from friction and on round host.
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i also think/have always done: crank web, pinch off, clear spool, crank TIGHTER.
As the spool fills, leverage is lost.
BUT, at finish want at least 720degrees on spool for positive mechanical lock that way
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In carrying trailers of brush loaded cross ways, we would use 2 straps lengthwise
CROSSED, so if started to slip off to one side, would tighten not loosen...
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Set straps can be tightened more by bending together some or to side etc.
 
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