Hi there,
The classic symptom of centrifugal pump cavitation is making a noise that sounds like you have gravel in a cement mixer. If it's making that kind of noise from within, I'd be looking hard at a starved suction. This is the pump on the pressurized side of your system, I'm assuming. If you go to the highest point in that system and open a bleeder, is there water coming out? If not, you're low on water and either air-bound or cavitating your pump. You appear not to want to do this, but until you do you have no way of knowing. If you have radiators or similar, there should be a key vent at each radiator. How much pressure is your system under? It should be 12 pounds. If it's not, again with the low on water/full of air.
I cannot stress this strongly enough: centrifugal pumps only work if they have a flooded suction. First thing, make sure it's got something to pump.
And CI should be fine on the pump body although bronze gives you a little more O2 resistance- oxygen being the #1 killer of OWBs in my opinion. If it doesn't already have them, install isolation valves (Full Port ball valves) on each side of the pump if you change it to avoid wet feet in the future. I would tell you to just get a cartridge, but you may want to price it out first.
Good luck,
Oxford